Pericardial TamponadeICU / resuscitation

Cardiology · Ward Pathways · Free — no sign-in

Hypotension + ↑JVP + muffled sounds (Beck); pulsus paradoxus >10 mmHg; electrical alternans; effusion/post-MI

ABCDE

O₂, IV fluids to bridge; urgent echo; pericardiocentesis without delay if unstable.

  1. Temporize: Normal saline boluses IV to raise BP (recheck after each bolus)
  2. Definitive — do NOT wait for echo/cath: Pericardiocentesis (removing even ~50 mL restores filling)
Decision tree
Haemodynamically unstable?
Yes
IV fluids to bridge → urgent pericardiocentesis (don't wait for imaging)
No
Echo to confirm; monitored pericardiocentesis; treat cause

Order set

  • Urgent echo
  • ECG (electrical alternans)
  • IV fluids
  • Prepare pericardiocentesis

Escalate / ICU

  • Hemodynamic collapse
  • Emergent pericardiocentesis
  • Recurrent effusion → window

Criteria

AdmitAll tamponade
ICUPeri/post-drainage monitoring, recurrence
VasopressorsBridge only until drainage
DischargeEffusion drained, cause treated, no re-accumulation on echo

Never

  • Give diuretics/vasodilators — worsens filling

Key

  • Earliest echo sign = diastolic RA/RV collapse.
Clinical detail — differentials, red flags, pitfalls, disposition
Red flags
  • Beck triad
  • Pulsus paradoxus
  • Hemodynamic collapse
Differentials
  • Tension pneumothorax
  • Massive PE
  • RV infarct
  • Constrictive pericarditis
Common mistakes
  • Diuretics/vasodilators
  • Waiting for imaging before draining unstable patient
Disposition & follow-up

Drain; treat cause; monitor for re-accumulation.

Discharge package
MedicationsTreat underlying cause (e.g., colchicine/NSAID if pericarditic)
Follow-upRepeat echo for re-accumulation
Warning symptomsBreathlessness, chest pain, dizziness
💊 Treatment detail — doses & preparation
0.9% Sodium chloridecrystalloid
DoseBolus 500 mL over 15–30 min, reassess; maintenance 1–1.5 mL/kg/h
Preparation500/1000 mL bags; add KCl only after urine output confirmed
MonitorHyperchloraemic acidosis with large volumes — prefer balanced (LR) for resuscitation
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)vasopressor
Dose0.05–1 mcg/kg/min IV infusion, titrate to MAP ≥65
Preparation4 mg in 250 mL D5W or NS (16 mcg/mL) via infusion pump; central line preferred — proximal peripheral vein acceptable short-term
MonitorContinuous invasive MAP; check limb perfusion, urine output; wean gradually, never stop abruptly
Pericardiocentesisdefinitive
DoseEcho-guided needle drainage — removing even 50 mL restores filling
PreparationSubxiphoid approach, echo guidance, monitor on
MonitorWatch for re-accumulation; send fluid for cytology/culture
📖 ESC Pericardial DiseasesReviewed July 2026

← SVT / VT / WPW  ·  Complete Heart Block →

More Cardiology pathways

Part of Cardiology in Ward Pathways — open the interactive version.

ICU Decoded — original critical-care and internal-medicine pathways by Dr Javed Akhtar, each cited to a current guideline. For education and quick reference; verify every dose against local protocols before prescribing.

Open the app · Ward Pathways — 113 free cases · ICU Decoded chapters · Aladin Chirag bedside tools

About · Medical disclaimer · Privacy · Contact