End-Stage Renal Failure / DialysisUrgent

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Advanced CKD

Calculators:
  1. Dialysis indications = AEIOU: Acidosis · Electrolytes (refractory ↑K) · Ingestion/toxin · Overload (refractory) · Uremia (pericarditis, encephalopathy)
  2. Chronic: EPO + iron (anemia); phosphate binders + vitamin D (bone); pre-dialysis CKD: SGLT2 inhibitor if eGFR ≥20 (with/without diabetes); finerenone for T2DM with albuminuria (KDIGO 2024)

Order set

  • U&E, Ca, PO₄, PTH
  • FBC, iron
  • VBG
  • Fluid/K⁺ assessment

Criteria

AdmitUraemic emergency or fluid/electrolyte crisis
ICUPulmonary oedema, hyperkalaemia with ECG changes, pericarditis
DialysisAEIOU
CRRTIf used in ICU: regional citrate anticoagulation first-line; effluent dose 20–25 mL/kg/h
DischargeDialysis access/schedule, electrolytes safe, euvolaemic

Key

  • Fatigue alone is NOT a dialysis indication.
Clinical detail — differentials, red flags, pitfalls, disposition
Red flags
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Uraemic pericarditis/encephalopathy
Differentials
  • Acute-on-chronic AKI
  • Reversible contributors
Common mistakes
  • Missing AEIOU dialysis indication
  • Nephrotoxic drug dosing
Disposition & follow-up

Dialysis access/plan; manage anaemia + bone disease.

Discharge package
MedicationsPhosphate binders, active vitamin D, EPO/iron; renal drug dosing
Follow-upDialysis unit; access care
VaccinationHepatitis B, influenza, pneumococcal
LifestyleFluid/potassium/phosphate diet
Warning symptomsMissed dialysis symptoms, access problems, breathlessness
💊 Treatment detail — doses & preparation
Erythropoietin (EPO)ESA
Dose50–100 U/kg SC/IV 3×/wk (CKD anaemia, Hb 90–105 target)
PreparationPre-filled syringes, refrigerate
MonitorBP, Hb 2–4 wkly, iron stores first; avoid Hb >115 (stroke risk)
Sevelamerphosphate binder
Dose800–1600 mg TDS with meals
Preparation800 mg tablets — swallow whole with food
MonitorPhosphate, GI upset; separates other drugs' absorption
Calcium carbonatephosphate binder/Ca²⁺
Dose500 mg–1 g TDS with meals
Preparation500 mg/1.25 g chewable tablets
MonitorCa²⁺, phosphate; constipation
Cholecalciferolvitamin D
DoseLoad 50,000 IU weekly ×6–8 wk (deficiency), then 800–1000 IU OD
PreparationCapsules/ampoules
MonitorCa²⁺, 25-OH-D after loading
Dialysis planningdefinitive
DoseAV fistula creation 6–12 mo before anticipated start
PreparationSurgical mapping of veins
MonitorFistula thrill/bruit checks
📖 KDIGO CKDReviewed July 2026

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