Achalasia

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Dysphagia to solids AND liquids, regurgitation

  1. Start: Barium esophagram (bird-beak, dilated above)
  2. Then: EGD (exclude pseudoachalasia/malignancy)
  3. Most accurate: Manometry (↑LES pressure, absent peristalsis)
  4. Treat: Pneumatic dilation / Heller myotomy / POEM; botox or nitrates if poor surgical candidate

Order set

  • Barium swallow
  • Upper endoscopy
  • Manometry

Criteria

AdmitSevere dysphagia/aspiration, procedure complication
DischargeNutrition adequate, definitive therapy planned
Clinical detail — differentials, red flags, pitfalls, disposition
Red flags
  • Weight loss
  • Progressive dysphagia (exclude cancer)
Differentials
  • Pseudoachalasia (malignancy)
  • Diffuse esophageal spasm
  • Stricture
Common mistakes
  • Missing malignant pseudoachalasia
  • Skipping endoscopy
Disposition & follow-up

Pneumatic dilation/myotomy/POEM referral.

Discharge package
Medications
Follow-upGastroenterology; post-procedure review
LifestyleEat upright, small meals
Warning symptomsWorsening dysphagia, weight loss, regurgitation
💊 Treatment detail — doses & preparation
Pneumatic dilation / POEMdefinitive
DoseGraded balloon dilation (30–40 mm) or per-oral endoscopic myotomy
PreparationPost-dilation gastrografin to exclude perforation
MonitorChest pain/fever = perforation watch
Nifedipine (bridge)temporary
Dose10–20 mg SL before meals — short-term LES relaxation while awaiting definitive
Preparation5/10 mg capsules
MonitorHypotension; effect wanes
📖 ACG AchalasiaReviewed July 2026

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