Type 2 diabetes

• Metformin, Dapagliflozin (heart failure, CKD or heart disease — use regardless of HbA1c), Empagliflozin, Semaglutide oral (obesity or heart disease), Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Gliclazide MR, Glimepiride, Insulin glargine (basal), Atorvastatin (age 40–75)

• Targets and yearly checks: HbA1c below 7% (higher if elderly or prone to lows), BP below 130/80; yearly eyes, feet, urine ACR, eGFR, lipids (ADA 2026; RSSDI 2022)

First visit

• HbA1c — Diagnosis (6.5% or more) and baseline.
• Fasting and post-meal plasma glucose — Diagnosis and self-monitoring targets.
• Serum creatinine (eGFR) and potassium — Before metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors.
• Urine albumin–creatinine ratio and urine routine — Kidney disease.
• Lipid profile, LFT — Cardiovascular risk and fatty liver.
• ECG — Baseline.

Only if indicated

• Dilated eye examination — At diagnosis, then yearly.
• Foot examination with monofilament and pulses — At diagnosis, then yearly.
• Vitamin B12 — Long-term metformin, or numbness.
• TSH — Symptoms or women over 50.

Follow-up and monitoring

• HbA1c every 3 months — Until at target, then every 6 months.
• Annual review — Creatinine, urine ACR, lipids, eye and foot examination.